Ross School of Business
The Stephen M. Ross School of Business (Ross) is the business school of the University of Michigan. Numerous publications have ranked the Ross School of Business' Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Executive Education programs among the top in the country and the world .[1][2][3][4]
The school offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, as well as an executive education program.
Ross also offers dual degrees with the colleges and schools of urban planning, engineering, medicine, law, public policy, social work, education, nursing, information, music, and the School of Natural Resources and Environment (SNRE).
History
The school was founded in 1924.
Some highlights from its recent history:
B. Joseph White became dean in 1990, and began a transformation of the School's character and image. He led a major MBA curriculum overhaul, which aimed to intensify the development of students' professional and practical skills, teamwork, leadership, and overall ability to turn knowledge and ideas into action. The signature innovation, called MAP (Multidisciplinary Action Project), puts students into "live cases" inside companies for seven weeks. MAP's "action learning" or "experiential learning" approach was the first curriculum innovation in management education since the introduction of the case method in the 1940s. It is still a hallmark of Michigan's MBA program. [2] Other initiatives, such as research on how to supplement the GMAT with a test of "practical intelligence," helped cement the school's reputation for innovations that produce business leaders who are not only smart, but highly effective. [3]. White's approach built on a historical strength of the School, which was known for producing hard-working, practically-oriented graduates. In addition, White added a focus on corporate citizenship to the MBAs' training, and moved aggressively to globalize the School. Most notably, he founded the William Davidson Institute to position Michigan as a leader on economies transitioning from communism to free markets.
Following White's changes, Michigan was ranked "most innovative" in Business Week's surveys of corporate executives and was recognized for turning out can-do graduates. In 1996, Michigan was ranked second in Business Week's prestigious business school rankings, the highest ranking the School has achieved, which the magazine attributed to the School's growing reputation for innovation [4]. As a corporate hunting ground, Michigan attracted a broader set of recruiters beyond the auto manufacturers and packaged goods companies who had been its core customers.
Under White, several of the School's hallmark programs and centers were created, including The Erb Institute for Sustainable Global Enterprise, The Joel D. Tauber Institute for Global Operations, The Zell-Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurship, the Wolverine Venture Fund, and the William Davidson Institute.
Robert J. Dolan, who was named dean in 2001, oversaw a dramatic re-building and facilities modernization initiative and worked to build the School's identity and reputation in the management education marketplace. Under Dolan, the School received one of the two-largest donations ever made to a business school. In the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program, Dolan pressed the School's distinction for turning out leaders with a practical, can-do orientation. This leveraged and accelerated a re-definition of the School's curriculum and image made by his predecessor. Dolan also made profound changes to the School's image through his ambitious rebuilding of the dated facilities he inherited, creating a showcase property, the Stephen M. Ross School of Business designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox. On Dolan's watch, the school earned the #1 ranking in the Wall Street Journal's 2006 and 2004 list of MBA programs (which are based on feedback from employers on which MBA program's students they would be most likely to rehire), #8 in The Economist, #5 in the BusinessWeek, and #11 in the U.S. News & World Report rankings in 2006 (the latter three publications' rankings are based on a variety of criteria including reputation among academics, etc.). The school's BBA program is widely regarded as one of the best in the United States, having ranked within the top three of U.S. News & World Report rankings every year since the ranking's inception. In 2005, the school introduced a 3-year version of the previously 2-year undergraduate program; the latter has since been phased out and candidates now apply as seniors in high school or during their freshman year at university, then commence their business studies in the sophomore year of college.
During the Dolan administration, the school transformed itself further. In 2004, it was named for alumnus Stephen M. Ross who donated $100 million to the school. At the time of the donation, this was the largest gift ever to an U.S. business school, and the largest ever to the University of Michigan. The Ross gift funded a campus overhaul. The school demolished 180,000 square feet (16,000 m²) of existing building space, and has renovated or added 270,000 square feet (25,000 m²).[5]
On February 14, 2011, it was announced that Alison Davis-Blake would become the new Dean of the Ross School of Business, succeeding Robert J. Dolan.
Facilities and institutes
Much of the business school is located on the University of Michigan's Central Campus adjacent to the School of Education and Law School. Its buildings are connected with each other, in some cases through skyways. With a major campus overhaul underway, the Executive Education programs are located at the Michigan Information Technology Center (MITC) near the university's Wolverine Tower office building in southern Ann Arbor.
New York City real estate developer Stephen M. Ross (BBA '62) gave a gift of $100 million to the business school, the second largest donation ever to a U.S. business school (after David Booth's $300 million donation to the University of Chicago Booth School of Business) and the largest gift to the University in its 187-year history. In recognition, the Board of Regents met in special session on September 9, 2004, to rename the school the Stephen M. Ross School of Business.
The Kresge Library's collection includes about 145,000 volumes and 3000 journals as well as microfilms, working papers, and company files. The school's John R. and Georgene M. Tozzi Electronic Business and Finance Center has a trading floor classroom that is linked to the New York Stock Exchange.
The William Davidson Institute
The William Davidson Institute (WDI) is a not-for-profit, independent, research and educational institute dedicated to creating, aggregating, and disseminating intellectual capital on business and policy issues in emerging markets. It provides a forum for business leaders and public policy makers to discuss issues affecting the environment in which these companies operate.
WDI was created in 1992 when Guardian Industries Corp. made a 20-year financial commitment to establish an institute at the University of Michigan Business School and was named in honor of Guardian Industries' chairman, president and CEO William Davidson.
WDI supports international activity at the University of Michigan by funding research, hosting visiting scholars, organizing seminars and speaker series, and sponsoring summer internships. In the past thirteen years, more than 1,800 MBA students have participated in more than 450 international projects. WDI is the only institution of higher learning in the United States that is fully dedicated to understanding and promoting actionable business and public policy approaches to addressing the challenges and opportunities in emerging market economies
The Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise
Created in 1996 by a donation from Frederick A. Erb (BBA ’47) and his wife, Barbara, the Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise is a partnership between the Stephen M. Ross School of Business and the School of Natural Resources and Environment (SNRE) to support professional education, public outreach and scientific scholarship supportive of the transition to sustainability. The core educational activity of the Institute is the MBA/MS Program, wherein students earn a Master of Business Administration from the Ross School and a Master of Science from SNRE. As of Fall 2011, Ross (Erb Institute) is the only MBA program to be listed in the top 10 of the Aspen Institute's "Beyond Grey Pinstripes" bi-annual survey of top sustainability MBA programs every year since its inception in 2001.
The Frankel Commercialization Fund
The Frankel Commercialization Fund (FCF) is a "pre-seed" investment fund made possible by Stanley Frankel.
The goals of the FCF are to:
- Accelerate the commercialization of research and ideas generated within the University community.
- Create a financially self-sustainable process of research commercialization, by which successful past investments will provide the funds needed to make new ones.
- Provide a stimulating, hands-on educational experience for students, thus reinforcing the Ross School of Business’ commitment to action-based learning.
- Build excitement within the University community about the prospects of research commercialization.
The Fund is made up of Ross MBA students ("Frankel Fellows") selected because of their domain knowledge of the health care or technology industries and their experience and interest in early-stage company formation. The Frankel Fellows are divided into two teams, one specializing in health care investments and the other on technology investments.
The Thomas C. Jones Endowment for BBA Education
In 2005, alumnus Thomas C. Jones donated $10 million to help undergraduates to experience programs usually provided only to MBA students. The gift established the Thomas C. Jones Center for BBA Education, which aims to help students apply classroom theory, incorporate liberal arts, and teach leadership. The Jones gift is said to be the largest gift to an undergraduate business program.
The Joel D. Tauber Institute for Global Operations
Joel D. Tauber donated $5 million in 1995 to establish the Joel D. Tauber Manufacturing Institute, which trains graduate students in engineering and business management. The program is run jointly with the University's College of Engineering, through the department of Industrial and Operations Engineering (IOE). In 2007, the Institute was renamed.
The Zell-Lurie Institute
The Samuel Zell & Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies provides the curriculum, program initiatives, community involvement, and alumni outreach activities that deliver exclusive resources for future entrepreneurs of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. In 1999, a $10 million donation from Samuel Zell and Ann Lurie on behalf of her husband Robert H. Lurie, established the Samuel Zell & Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies at the Business School.
ZLI houses three student-led investment funds: Wolverine Venture Fund, Frankel Commercialization Fund, Social Venture Fund.
The Wolverine Venture Fund
The Wolverine Venture Fund (WVF) is a multi-million dollar venture capital fund operated directly out of the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. The fund was started in 1997 by Karen Bantel.[6] The Fund invests with the active involvement of MBA students, faculty assistance, and an advisory board composed of professional venture capitalists and entrepreneurs.[7] The WVF invests primarily in early-stage, emerging growth companies [5]. The Fund typically provides $50,000 to $200,000 in seed and first-stage funding rounds[8] in syndication with other venture capital funds and angel investors.
The WVF is the largest, most active University-based venture fund of its type in the country.
The Wolverine Venture Fund, the oldest such U.S. venture, which earned $1 million when IntraLase Corp., a U-M spin-off technology company, went public.[9]
The Social Venture Fund
The University of Michigan Social Venture Fund (SvF) is the first student-run Social venture fund in the United States.[10] Established in 2009 by four Ross School of Business MBA students, the Social Venture Fund invests in innovative and mission-driven social enterprises.[11][12] The Fund's mission statement reads, "We are committed to providing strategic and patient capital to early-stage social enterprises led by outstanding entrepreneurs that contribute to the proliferation of the new generation of socially-minded business leaders."[13][14]
Research centers
Student life
Students publish their own newspaper called the Monroe Street Journal, named after the main street leading to the school entrance. The school is also home to The Michigan Journal of Business, the first undergraduate-level academic journal in the field of business.
Endowed chairs
As of 2010, 46 faculty members hold endowed chairs in their respective disciplines.
Rankings
Publications such as U.S. News & World Report, BusinessWeek, The Wall Street Journal, and the Financial Times have consistently ranked both the school's undergraduate and professional programs highly, often as one of the top five in the U.S. In the year 2006 The Wall Street Journal ranked the MBA program #1 overall; in 2008 BusinessWeek ranked the MBA program #5 overall, while U.S. News & World Report ranked its undergraduate program #3 overall. In 2010, for the third consecutive year U.S. News and World Report rankings of the best U.S. undergraduate business programs ranks Ross at No. 1 in the management category. Also in 2010, the BBA program ranked in the Top Five in the following business specialties: marketing (No. 2), finance (No. 3), international business (No. 4), productions/operations management (No. 4), and accounting (No. 5). In the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report[22] Ross School was placed as the 9th best Business School in North America.
The Ross School of Business was ranked #3 worldwide in 2011 for research output.[23]
Notable alumni
Activists
Advertising/marketing
Arts and entertainment
- William Davidson (BUS: BBA 1947) - Finance & entertainment. Founder of the William Davidson Institute at the Ross School of Business; Chairman of Guardian Industries, . Owner of the Detroit Pistons (NBA), Detroit Shock (WNBA), Tampa Bay Lightning (NHL).
- Irene Esteves (BUS: BBA 1981) CFO of Time Warner cable
- Robert Shaye (BUS: BBA 1960) - Founder and Co-Chairman, New Line Cinema.
- David Shayman, more widely known as Disco D (BUS: BBA 2002) - producer Ghettotech
- Tusshar Kapoor (BUS: BBA) Popular Bollywood actor
- Martijn Sanders (BUS: MBA 1969), managing director of Concertgebouw concert hall in Amsterdam. Knighted as a commander of the Order of Orange Nassau by the queen of the Netherlands in 2006; also an honorary commander of the Order of the British Empire.
- Vienna Teng (b. October 3, 1978, Saratoga, California) is a Taiwanese American pianist and singer-songwriter based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Her birth name is Cynthia Yih Shih. Teng has released four studio albums: Waking Hour (2002), Warm Strangers (2004), Dreaming Through The Noise (2006), and Inland Territory (2009). She has also released one live album, The Moment Always Vanishing (2009), on which she is double-billed with her percussionist, Alex Wong.
Athletics
- Red Berenson, (BUS: BBA 1962, MBA 1966), currently head coach of the University of Michigan men's hockey team
- Jason Botterill (BUS: MBA 2007)(born May 19, 1976) is the assistant general manager for the Pittsburgh Penguins and a former professional ice hockey left winger.
- Bill Frieder (BUS: BBA 1964), and former Michigan basketball coach.
- Ron Johnson, (BUS: BBA 1969), Former NFL football player. Johnson was named by the National Football Foundation & College Hall of Fame (NFF), in 2006 as the chairman.
- Tom Lewand (MBA 1996) was named president of the Detroit Lions on December 29, 2008.
- William C. Martin, (BUS: MBA 1965). President (emeritus), United States Olympic Committee.
- Robert Pelinka (BUS: BBA 1993) is an American lawyer, sports agent and former college basketball player.
- Bert Sugar, (LAW: JD 1961; BUS: MBA 1961), former publisher-editor of The Ring and Boxing Illustrated.
- Zoltan Mesko (BUS: BBA 2009) is an American football punter in the NFL.
Banking/financial
Consulting/accounting
- Gary Hamel (BUS: MBA PhD 1990) - Co-Author The Core Competence of the Corporation. Selected "Number One Guru" by The Economist magazine in 2003
Education
Entrepreneurs
Federal Reserve/FDIC/OCC/Treasury
Government
- Lawrence E. Butler (BUS: MBA) United States Ambassador to the Republic of Macedonia from 2002-2005.
- Howard Flight, (BUS: MBA) and British Member of Parliament. Holds 11 directorships. In September 2001, he was appointed Shadow Paymaster General and in July 2002 was promoted to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
- David Hermelin, (BUS: BBA 1958) - Entrepreneur, philanthropist and former United States Ambassador to Norway. Ross School benefactor.
- Pete Hoekstra, (BUS: MBA 1977) a Congressional Representative from Michigan; elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Third and to the six succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1993–present); chair, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (One Hundred Eighth Congress).
- H. Russel Holland (BUS: BBA 1958) United States District Judge
- Mark Kennedy, (BUS: MBA 1983) a former member of the U.S. Congress from Minnesota;
- David McKeague (BUS: BBA 1968, JD 1971), Federal Judge
- Glenn Everell Mencer (BUS: BBA 1949) Federal Judge
Healthcare
- Ragavendra R Baliga (BUS: MBA 2004) - Director of Cardiology, Ohio State University Hospital East and Co-Founder, NextServices
Industrials
Information technology
Mergers, acquisitions, turn-arounds
Real estate
Venture capital
- Christopher Ilitch (BUS: BBA 1987) president and CEO of Ilitch Holdings, Inc.,.[24] Vice President of the Detroit Red Wings and an NHL alternate governor, president of the Little Caesars Pizza Kit Fundraising Program, and vice president of Little Caesar Enterprises.
- William D. Johnson (BUS: MBA) Principal, In-Q-Tel.
- Brad Keywell (BUS: BBA 1991; LAW: JD 1993), Managing Partner of Bristol Ventures LLC, author of ‘’Biz Dev 3.0: Changing Business as We Know It’’. He is the co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of MediaBank LLC; he is the co-founder of Echo Global Logistics LLC, a transportation management firm ; he is a co-founder and principal of Groupon, Inc. Groupon's November IPO elevated Keywell to billionaire status as noted by Forbes magazine.[25]
Current and former professors
Institutional milestones
- 1924, the Michigan Alumnus newspaper announced the creation of the School of Business Administration. The Regents designated Tappan Hall as the new school's permanent home, where it remained for 25 years.
- 1926 The first 12 MBA degrees are granted
- 1935 The first Ph.D. degree is conferred
- 1942 The BBA program is established
- 1944 Russell A. Stevenson is appointed dean and makes plans for a new building.
- 1945 Enrollment increases to 366 with more than 83 percent veterans.
- 1947 Cornerstone laid for the new $2.5 million structure. Enrollment reaches 1,081 with 340 graduate students, making Michigan one of the largest MBA programs in the nation.
- 1950s First executive education programs launched.
- 1958 Chapter of the National Women's Business Association established.
- 1960 Floyd A. Bond is appointed dean
- 1967 Dean Bond begins a fundraising campaign for the Assembly Hall, starting with a pledge from alumnus Clayton G. Hale and other private donors.
- 1971 Groundbreaking for the new Assembly Hall, which includes the 450-seat Hale Auditorium, Executive Board Room and D. Maynard Phelps Lounge.
- 1976 The 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) William A. Paton Accounting Center is completed.
- 1979 Gilbert R. Whitaker is appointed dean and begins to expand what grows to be 17 joint programs. He also sets goals of doubling charitable revenues.
- 1982 $15 million Capital Campaign approved. With nearly $3 million in gifts from the Kresge Foundation, construction on the new Business Administration Library and the Executive Education Center begins along East University Avenue.
- 1990 B. Joseph White is appointed dean and implements strategies to retain traditional strengths while making a new commitment to innovation and continuous improvement. The Executive Education Program is ranked #1 by Business Week
- 1992 William Davidson donates $30 million, the largest gift ever associated with the University and the Business School, to establish the William Davidson Institute. Mr. Davidson's cumulative gifts to the university exceed $55 million
- 1995 Joel D. Tauber donates $5 million to the Michigan Joint Manufacturing Initiative, a joint program between business and engineering to form the Tauber Manufacturing Institute.
- 1996 Frederick A. and Barbara M. Erb contribute $5 million to create the Erb Environmental Management Institute.
- 1997 Alumnus Sam Wyly donates $10 million for expanded executive education facilities at the corner of Hill Street and East University Avenue.
- 1999 Frederick A. and Barbara M. Erb contribute $5 million to the previously established Erb Environmental Management Institute.
- 1999 Samuel Zell and Ann Lurie donate $10 million to establish the Zell Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies.
- 2000 Keith E and Valerie J. Alessi Courtyard dedicated.
- 2001 Robert J. Dolan is named dean and works to expand the school's capability to combine scholarly theory with practical application. A commitment to action-based learning shapes all aspects of the school's educational offerings and a new strategic positioning statement—"Leading in thought and action" —headlines the school's updated graphic identity.
- 2003 John R. and Georgene M. Tozzi Electronic Business and Finance Center opens, a $2 million, 5,800-square-foot (540 m2) state-of-the-art learning facility that uses wireless technology to support action-based learning.
- 2004 Alumnus Stephen M. Ross makes history donating $100 million, $75 million of which is earmarked for a new building and $25 million of which is earmarked for the permanent endowment. In recognition of the power of the gift to elevate the school's aspirations and realize its ambitious vision, the Board of Regents renames the school the Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan. Mr. Ross' cumulative gifts to the university exceed $110 million.
- 2005 Frederick A. and Barbara M. Erb contribute an additional $10 million to the Erb Institute, bringing their cumulative gifts to the Institute to $20 million. The name of the institute is formally changed to the Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise.
- 2005 Joined the Global Business School Network
- 2005 Architects and a group of 85 faculty, staff, students, directors and deans collaborate on the design of new facilities. In October, the Regents approve the design for the new $145 million building.
- 2005 Thomas C. Jones donates $10 million to the U-M's Stephen M. Ross School of Business to make it possible for undergraduates to experience many of the programs usually provided only to MBA students. The gift will establish the Thomas C. Jones Center for BBA Education, which will offer more opportunities for students to apply classroom theory to real business situations, incorporate liberal arts into the business curriculum and develop leadership skills.
- 2006 Components of the old campus are razed by summer's end. As of year-end 2006, the bulk of the foundation for the new building has been poured and several floors have been partially framed in with structural steel.
- 2007 A new Master of Supply Chain Management (MSCM) program is announced with an inception date of January 2008. The inaugural class is matriculated Aug. 1, 2007.
- 2009 Classes officially begin in the new Ross School of Business building.
- 2011 On February 14, 2011, it was announced that Alison Davis-Blake would become the new—and first female—Dean of the Ross School of Business, succeeding Robert J. Dolan.
- 2011 on July 21, 2011, The U-M Board of Regents approved a proposal by the College of Engineering and the Stephen M. Ross School of Business to offer a joint program that specializes in training students to turn ideas into inventions and inventions into successful businesses.The program will accept its first students to start in fall 2012.
See also
References
- ^ http://www.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/bschools_undergraduate_10rankings.html?chan=magazine+channel_special+report
- ^ http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/rankings/
- ^ http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools/rankings
- ^ Srivastava, Samar (September 30, 2008). "And the Best Executive M.B.A. Programs In 2008 Are". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122244975223379303.html?mod=WSJ_WSJ_Careers_EXECUTIVEMBARANKINGS5_6.
- ^ The demolition and renovation webcam may be found here: Ross School Renovation Webcam or here Renovation webcam (Java required)
- ^ Businessweek
- ^ Businessweek
- ^ Businessweek
- ^ [1]
- ^ Bomey, Nathan (21 September 2010), "[http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/social-venture-fund-university-of-michigan-zell-lurie-institute-venture-capital/ University of Michigan students start nation’s first venture capital fund for social benefits"], AnnArbor.com Newspaper, http://www.annarbor.com/business-review/social-venture-fund-university-of-michigan-zell-lurie-institute-venture-capital/, retrieved June 19 2011
- ^ Damast, Alison (27 September 2010), "Student Venture Funds Tackle Social Problems", Businessweek, http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/blogs/mba_admissions/archives/2010/09/student_venture_funds_tackle_social_problems.html, retrieved June 19 2011
- ^ "Samuel Zell & Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies - Social Venture Fund"], Samuel Zell & Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, http://www.zli.bus.umich.edu/wvf/svf_overview.asp, retrieved June 19 2011
- ^ "Social Venture Fund Annual Report 2009-2010 PDF"], Social Venture Fund Annual Report 2009-2010, http://www.umsocialventure.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Social-Venture-Fund-Annual-Report-2010.FinalVersion.pdf, retrieved June 19 2011
- ^ Zinsli, Christopher (21 September 2010), "College Showdown: Two Schools Face Off… To Invest Responsibly", Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2010/09/21/college-showdown-two-schools-face-offto-invest-responsibl/?mod=rss_WSJBlog, retrieved June 19 2011
- ^ "Business School Rankings and Profiles: Undergraduate". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/rankings/. Retrieved 2011-1-19.
- ^ "Business School Rankings and Profiles: MBA". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 2010. http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/rankings/. Retrieved 2011-1-19.
- ^ "Best Business Schools". Forbes. 2011. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2011/95/best-business-schools-11_land.html. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
- ^ "Best Business Schools". U.S. News & World Report. 2011. http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools/mba-rankings. Retrieved 2011-1-19.
- ^ "Ránking Global de las Mejores Escuelas de Negocios". América Economía. 2011. http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2011/mba/ranking-mba-global.php. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Which MBA". The Economist. 2011. http://www.economist.com/whichmba/full-time-mba-ranking. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
- ^ "Global MBA Rankings". Financial Times. 2011. http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings-2011. Retrieved 2011-1-19.
- ^ "QS Global 200 Business Schools Report 2010, North America". http://www.topmba.com/mba-rankings/top-business-schools-report-2010/regions/top-business-schools-in-north-america.
- ^ Mangematin, V., & Baden-Fuller, C. 2008. Global Contests in the Production of Business Knowledge: Regional Centres and Individual Business Schools. Long Range Planning, 41(1): 117-139.
- ^ Forbes 400
- ^ Kroll, Luisa. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2011/11/04/groupons-ipo-turns-andrew-mason-brad-keywell-into-billionaires/.
External links